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OBJECTIVE@#To study the moderated mediation for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the symptoms of anxiety in children.@*METHODS@#A total of 12 271 students were included with an average age of 8.9±1.9 years, including 6 743 male students and 5 508 female students, and 20 students with missing data on gender. Child psychological trauma questionnaires (parents version) and Conners questionnaires (parent version) were completed by the parents of primary school students. The data was studied by univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and moderated mediation analysis.@*RESULTS@#The results of the univariate analysis showed that in all subjects, boys, and girls, the scores of hyperactivity index and childhood trauma were positively correlated with the score of anxiety (P<0.01), and ADHD and childhood trauma positively predicted anxiety disorder (P<0.001). The results of the multivariate analysis showed that in all subjects, boys, and girls, the scores of hyperactivity index (ADHD symptoms) and childhood trauma positively predicted the score of anxiety (P<0.001), and both ADHD and childhood trauma positively predicted anxiety disorder (P<0.001). The results of the moderated mediation analysis showed that childhood trauma was a mediating factor for the relationship between hyperactivity index and anxiety index in boys and girls (P<0.05), and sex moderated the relationship between hyperactivity index and anxiety index (P<0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#ADHD symptoms/ADHD are closely associated with anxiety symptoms/anxiety disorder. Childhood trauma exerts a mediating effect on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and anxiety symptoms, and sex moderates the relationship between ADHD symptoms and anxiety symptoms.
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Child , Female , Humans , Male , Anxiety , Anxiety Disorders , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Child Behavior Disorders , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objective To observe effects of warming acupuncture therapy on expressions of IL-6 and SOCS3 in spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain; To discuss its mechanism for treating neuropathic pain. Methods Experimental rats were randomly divided into: normal group, model group, warming acupuncture and IL-6 group, with 6 rats in each group. Sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury neuralgia model was established in the model group, without intervention. After modeling for 5 days in the warming acupuncture group, "Pishu" and "Shenshu" acupoints were chosen for warming acupuncture therapy for 10 times. After modeling for 5 days in the IL-6 group, IL-6 group was successfully intrathecally injected 3 times with recombinant IL-6. After finishing all experiments, the mechanical pain behavior was measured with electronic Frye fibers. The mRNA levels of IL-6 and SOCS3 and protein concentration of spinal Iba-1were detected with ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. Results Compared with model group, mechanical withdrawal thresholdsin the warm acupuncture group significantly increased, and the content of Iba-1 decreased significantly (P<0.01); The mRNA level of IL-6 decreased significantly (P<0.01), and the mRNA level of SOCS3 significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion Warming acupuncture therapy can reduce the pain response in rats with neuropathic pain through inhibiting spinal cord microglial activation, down-regulating the gene expression of lL-6 and up-regulating the gene expression of SOCS3.
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Objective To examine tIle prevalence and predictors of HIV and syphilis infections among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Chongqing municipality.China.Methods Cross-sectional studies were conduced in three districts of Chongqing municipality from July to September,2006 and 2007,respectively.Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted to provide information on demographic characteristics,behaviors on sex and drug use,and HIV and sexually transmitted diseases(STD)related health services.Blood samples were tested for HIV and syphilis infections.Results Of 1773 panicipants.10.6%were HIV-positive and 8.4%were sero-positive for syphilis infection.Factors independently associated with HIV infection included older age(26-35 year:AOR=1.7,95%CI:1.1-2.6;＞35 years of age:AOR=2.3,95%CI:1.4-3.8),low level of education(AOR=2.3,95%CI:1.5-3.5),having had multiple male sex partners(AOR=1.8,95%CI:1.2-2.8),venues of recruitment from bathhouses/sauna (AOR=2.3,95%CI:1.1-4.7),with self-reported STD symptoms in the past 12 months(AOR=1.8,95%CI.1.2-2.7)and syphilis infeetion(AOR=1.7,95%CI:1.1-2.9).Conclusion The prevalence rates on both HIV and syphilis infections were considered to be high among MSM in Chongqing city.Unprotected anal sex and multiple sex partners were conqmon in this group.Education,condom promotion.combination of HIV and STD screening,and treatment to the diseases are essential to this population in Chongqing.However,MSM had not hitherto been perceived to be in the epidemic mainstream in this area.
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Objective To examine the prevalence and correlates for needle-sharing among new and long-term injection drug users (IDUs) in Sichuan province, China. Methods Three consecutive cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 6 prefectures of Sichuan province, from 2003 to 2005.Questionnaire-based interviews provided information including socio-demographics, drug-use, sexual behaviors, and HIV-related services. Multivariable logistic regression methodology was used for data analysis. Results Of 3852 eligible participants, the rates of needle-sharing in the last 6 months for IDUs with a less than one year, one to three year, and more than three year injection history were 19.9%,29.1%, and 36.3%, respectively. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a less than one-year injection history was independently associated with factors as: being female, having minority background, higher frequency of injection, sharing injecting equipments, ever having had a non-regular sex partner, or a regular sex partner who injected drugs, never had a test on HIV, being recruited in 2005, and from Zigong prefectm'es of Sichuan. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a 1-3 year injection history were independently associated with receiving less education, having higher frequency of injecting behavior, sharing injecting equipments,ever having had a non-regular sex partner/a regular sex partner who injected drugs, ever having had unprotected sex with a non-regular sex partner, ever having had unprotected sex with a commercial sex partner or client, never attended skill training for HIV/STD prevention, being recruited in 2005 and 2004,and being recruited from Deyang, Zigong, and Liangshan prefectures. Needle-sharing for IDUs with a more than three-year injection history was independently associated with factors as: less education, higher frequency of injecting, sharing injecting equipment, ever had a non-regular sex partner, ever had unprotected sex with a non-regular sex partner, ever had unprotected sex with a commercial sex partner or client, having had regular sex partners who inject drugs, never attended needle exchange programs, being recruited in 2005 and 2004, and being recruited from Deyang, Zigong, and Liangshan prefectures. Conclusion The rates for both needle/paraphernalia sharing and unprotected sex behaviors were high in the IDUs in Sichuan province. These rates were higher among longer-term IDUs than in new IDUs. Our data underlined that better targeted, in-depth and sustained comprehensive intervention packages which including needle exchange, condom promotion along with distribution, and education, were urgently needed to reduce both IDU-related and sex-related risk behaviors among both new and longer term IDUs.
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smission between HIV high risk group and general population. More attention need to be spocificalIy paid to prevent HIV transmit from HIV high risk group to general population.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The stage-specific expression of genes is one of the most characteristics of parasites. It has been found that a lot of genes of Spriometra erinaceieuropaei are specifically expressed in pleroceroid in large amount, but not expressed when the plerocercoid development into adult worm. The study is to screen other stage-specific ecpression genes of plerocercoid of Spirtmetra erinceieuropaei.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RNA was separately extracted by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform from plerocercoids and adult worms of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, DNA contaminated in the RNA was digested by RNase-free DNase. After the RNA was reverse transcripted to cDNA using T12MA, T12MC, T12MG and T12MT anchor-primers, PCR was done using the same T12MN and one random primer with alpha 35S-dATP in the system. The PCR products were fractionated on an 8% denatured polyacrylamide gel. Differential bands of the plerocercoid found in the gel were cut out, amplified by PCR and sequenced. Northern hybridization was used to identify the stage-specific expression genes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eleven differential bands were selected from the gel and classified into 3 kinds of gene fragments by hybridization, after they were amplified by PCR. Fragments 1 (238 bp) and 2 (383 bp), were confirmed by Northern hybridization, as being expressed in the plerocercoid. However, fragment 3 (433 bp), was expressed in both the plerocercoid and the adult worm. Data from the 3 gene fragments underwent homological analysis in GenBank. The sequence which was homologous with fragments 1 and 2 was not found, but fragment 3 had high homology with many kinds of 28S rRNA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The gene expressions of plerocercoids are different from adult worms because they live in different hosts. Two types of different gene fragments from the plerocercoid were found by mRNA differential display technique.</p>